11. 即使 vs 尽管 — hypothetical vs factual
Both English-translate to "even though / even if," but Chinese splits them by whether the situation is real or imagined.
尽管 = REAL, factual ("even though X is true"):
✓ 尽管下雨了,但是我们还是去了。 Jǐnguǎn xià yǔ le, dànshì wǒmen háishì qù le. — "Even though it rained, we still went." (It DID rain.)
✓ 尽管他工作很忙,但是每天都坚持运动。 Jǐnguǎn tā gōngzuò hěn máng, dànshì měi tiān dōu jiānchí yùndòng. — "Even though he's very busy, he exercises every day." (He IS busy.)
✓ 尽管这个办法不太好,可是现在没有更好的选择。 Jǐnguǎn zhège bànfǎ bú tài hǎo, kěshì xiànzài méi yǒu gèng hǎo de xuǎnzé. — "Even though this method isn't great, there's no better choice now." (The method IS not great.)
✓ 尽管下雨了,但是我们还是去了。 Jǐnguǎn xià yǔ le, dànshì wǒmen háishì qù le. — "Even though it rained, we still went." (It DID rain.)
✓ 尽管他工作很忙,但是每天都坚持运动。 Jǐnguǎn tā gōngzuò hěn máng, dànshì měi tiān dōu jiānchí yùndòng. — "Even though he's very busy, he exercises every day." (He IS busy.)
✓ 尽管这个办法不太好,可是现在没有更好的选择。 Jǐnguǎn zhège bànfǎ bú tài hǎo, kěshì xiànzài méi yǒu gèng hǎo de xuǎnzé. — "Even though this method isn't great, there's no better choice now." (The method IS not great.)
即使 = HYPOTHETICAL ("even if X were to happen"):
✓ 即使下雨,我们也要去。 Jíshǐ xià yǔ, wǒmen yě yào qù. — "Even if it rains, we will still go." (It may or may not rain.)
✓ 即使再难,我们也要坚持下去。 Jíshǐ zài nán, wǒmen yě yào jiānchí xiàqù. — "Even if it gets harder, we'll persist." (Might not get harder.)
✓ 即使你不告诉我,我也会知道的。 Jíshǐ nǐ bù gàosu wǒ, wǒ yě huì zhīdào de. — "Even if you don't tell me, I'll find out." (You might tell me anyway.)
✓ 即使下雨,我们也要去。 Jíshǐ xià yǔ, wǒmen yě yào qù. — "Even if it rains, we will still go." (It may or may not rain.)
✓ 即使再难,我们也要坚持下去。 Jíshǐ zài nán, wǒmen yě yào jiānchí xiàqù. — "Even if it gets harder, we'll persist." (Might not get harder.)
✓ 即使你不告诉我,我也会知道的。 Jíshǐ nǐ bù gàosu wǒ, wǒ yě huì zhīdào de. — "Even if you don't tell me, I'll find out." (You might tell me anyway.)
Connector pairs: 尽管 pairs with 但是/可是 (real-world contrast). 即使 pairs with 也 (universal "still"). HSK 4 排序 (Q56-65) tests whether you can pick the connector that fits the factuality of the surrounding clauses.
See all 5 让步状语从句 patterns →